{"id":8427,"date":"2026-01-12T12:00:26","date_gmt":"2026-01-12T10:00:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/m-wagih.com\/blog\/?p=8427"},"modified":"2026-03-24T22:13:08","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T20:13:08","slug":"marketing-roadmap-12","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/m-wagih.com\/blog\/marketing-roadmap-12\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u2014 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n \n \n \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u2014 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 | \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642<\/title>\n <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\" \/>\n <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin \/>\n <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=IBM+Plex+Sans+Arabic:wght@300;400;500;600;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\" \/>\n <style>\n :root{--ink:#0f0e0d;--ink-soft:#3a3630;--ink-muted:#7a6f64;--paper:#faf7f2;--paper-2:#f2ede4;--rule:#d9d0c3;--accent:#b5451b;--accent-2:#1b4f8a;--accent-pale:#fdf0ea;--arabic:'IBM Plex Sans Arabic',sans-serif}\n *,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}\n html{scroll-behavior:smooth}\n body{background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);font-family:var(--arabic);font-size:17px;line-height:1.85;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}\n .masthead{background:var(--ink);color:var(--paper);padding:4rem 2rem 3.5rem;text-align:center;position:relative;overflow:hidden}\n .masthead::before{content:'';position:absolute;inset:0;background:repeating-linear-gradient(0deg,transparent,transparent 39px,rgba(255,255,255,.04) 39px,rgba(255,255,255,.04) 40px),repeating-linear-gradient(90deg,transparent,transparent 39px,rgba(255,255,255,.04) 39px,rgba(255,255,255,.04) 40px)}\n .masthead-inner{position:relative;max-width:820px;margin:0 auto}\n .roadmap-label{display:inline-block;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.06em;color:var(--accent);border:1px solid var(--accent);padding:.3rem 1rem;border-radius:2px;margin-bottom:1.8rem}\n .masthead h1{font-size:clamp(2.2rem,5vw,3.6rem);font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;color:#fff;margin-bottom:.5rem}\n .masthead h1 span{color:var(--accent)}\n .masthead-sub{font-size:clamp(1rem,2.5vw,1.3rem);font-weight:300;color:rgba(255,255,255,.6);margin-bottom:2rem}\n .masthead-meta{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:1.5rem;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:.82rem;color:rgba(255,255,255,.45)}\n .dot{width:4px;height:4px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--accent);display:inline-block}\n .page{max-width:860px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 1.5rem}\n .section{padding:3.5rem 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}\n .section:last-child{border-bottom:none}\n .section-tag{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.5rem;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;color:var(--accent);margin-bottom:1.1rem}\n .section-tag::before{content:'';display:block;width:20px;height:2px;background:var(--accent);order:1}\n .section-title{font-size:clamp(1.5rem,3vw,2rem);font-weight:700;line-height:1.25;color:var(--ink);margin-bottom:1.4rem}\n p{margin-bottom:1.1rem;color:var(--ink-soft);text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-word}\n p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}\n strong{color:var(--ink);font-weight:600}\n .ltr{direction:ltr;display:inline-block;unicode-bidi:embed}\n .def-card{background:var(--paper-2);border-right:4px solid var(--accent);border-radius:6px 0 0 6px;padding:1.4rem 1.6rem;margin:1.8rem 0}\n .def-label{font-size:.72rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;color:var(--accent);margin-bottom:.6rem}\n .def-card blockquote{font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:400;color:var(--ink);line-height:1.7;margin:0}\n .def-source{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--ink-muted);margin-top:.7rem;display:block}\n .def-source em{font-style:normal;color:var(--ink-soft)}\n .def-source a{color:var(--accent-2);text-decoration:underline;direction:ltr;display:inline-block}\n .pull-quote{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.55;color:var(--accent-2);border-top:2px solid var(--accent-2);border-bottom:2px solid var(--accent-2);padding:1.3rem 0;margin:2.2rem 0}\n .pull-quote cite{display:block;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:400;color:var(--ink-muted);margin-top:.5rem;font-style:normal}\n \/* BIAS CARDS *\/\n .bias-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:1rem;margin:2rem 0}\n @media(max-width:600px){.bias-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}\n .bias-card{border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:8px;padding:1.3rem 1.4rem;background:var(--paper-2)}\n .bias-name{font-weight:700;font-size:.95rem;color:var(--accent-2);margin-bottom:.4rem}\n .bias-en{font-size:.75rem;color:var(--ink-muted);margin-bottom:.6rem;direction:ltr;display:block;text-align:right}\n .bias-card p{font-size:.88rem;margin:0 0 .5rem 0;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-word}\n .bias-card p:last-child{margin:0}\n .bias-example{font-size:.82rem;color:var(--accent);font-weight:600}\n \/* HEURISTICS TABLE *\/\n .heur-table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:2rem 0;font-size:.93rem}\n .heur-table thead tr{background:var(--ink);color:#fff}\n .heur-table thead th{padding:.85rem 1.1rem;text-align:right;font-weight:600;font-size:.8rem}\n .heur-table tbody tr{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}\n .heur-table tbody tr:last-child{border-bottom:none}\n .heur-table tbody tr:nth-child(even){background:var(--paper-2)}\n .heur-table tbody td{padding:.85rem 1.1rem;color:var(--ink-soft);vertical-align:top;line-height:1.55}\n .heur-table tbody td:first-child{font-weight:700;color:var(--accent-2);white-space:nowrap}\n \/* NUDGE BOX *\/\n .nudge-box{background:var(--ink);color:#fff;border-radius:10px;padding:1.8rem 2rem;margin:2rem 0}\n .nudge-title{font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--accent);margin-bottom:1rem}\n .nudge-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:.8rem}\n @media(max-width:580px){.nudge-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}\n .nudge-item{background:rgba(255,255,255,.07);border-radius:6px;padding:.9rem 1rem}\n .nudge-item-title{font-size:.82rem;font-weight:700;color:rgba(255,255,255,.9);margin-bottom:.3rem}\n .nudge-item p{font-size:.8rem;color:rgba(255,255,255,.65);margin:0;text-align:right}\n \/* EXERCISE *\/\n .exercise-box{background:#eef3fb;border:1px solid #c3d4ec;border-radius:8px;padding:1.8rem 2rem;margin-top:1.4rem}\n .ex-header{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.8rem;flex-direction:row;margin-bottom:1.2rem}\n .ex-icon{width:38px;height:38px;background:var(--accent-2);border-radius:6px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0}\n .ex-icon svg{width:19px;height:19px;fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round}\n .ex-title{font-size:.82rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--accent-2)}\n .exercise-box ol{padding-right:1.4rem;padding-left:0;color:var(--ink-soft)}\n .exercise-box ol li{margin-bottom:.7rem;font-size:.97rem}\n .exercise-box ol li:last-child{margin-bottom:0}\n \/* CASE STUDY *\/\n .case-study{background:var(--ink);color:var(--paper);border-radius:10px;padding:2.2rem 2.4rem;margin-top:1.4rem;position:relative;overflow:hidden}\n .case-study::after{content:'\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629';position:absolute;top:1.4rem;right:1.6rem;font-size:.68rem;font-weight:700;color:rgba(255,255,255,.18);letter-spacing:.04em}\n .cs-brand{font-size:1.6rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--accent);margin-bottom:.3rem}\n .cs-sub{font-size:.8rem;color:rgba(255,255,255,.45);margin-bottom:1.4rem}\n .case-study p{color:rgba(255,255,255,.82);font-size:.97rem;margin-bottom:1rem;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-word}\n .case-study p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}\n .cs-lesson{margin-top:1.4rem;padding-top:1.2rem;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14);font-size:.9rem;color:rgba(255,255,255,.6)}\n .cs-lesson strong{color:var(--accent)}\n \/* SUMMARY *\/\n .summary-box{background:var(--accent-pale);border:1px solid #e8c4b2;border-radius:8px;padding:1.8rem 2rem;margin-top:1.4rem}\n .summary-box ul{list-style:none;padding:0}\n .summary-box ul li{padding:.5rem 1.6rem .5rem 0;position:relative;color:var(--ink-soft);font-size:.97rem;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(181,69,27,.12)}\n .summary-box ul li:last-child{border-bottom:none}\n .summary-box ul li::before{content:'\u2726';position:absolute;right:0;color:var(--accent);font-size:.7rem;top:.65rem}\n \/* REFERENCES *\/\n .ref-list{list-style:none;padding:0;margin-top:1.4rem}\n .ref-list li{display:flex;flex-direction:row;gap:.9rem;padding:1rem 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);font-size:.9rem}\n .ref-list li:last-child{border-bottom:none}\n .ref-num{flex-shrink:0;width:26px;height:26px;background:var(--ink);color:#fff;border-radius:4px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:.72rem;font-weight:700;margin-top:.1rem}\n .ref-body{color:var(--ink-soft);line-height:1.6}\n .ref-body em{font-style:normal;color:var(--ink);font-weight:500}\n .ref-body a{color:var(--accent-2);text-decoration:underline;direction:ltr;display:inline-block}\n .intro-banner{background:var(--paper-2);border-bottom:3px solid var(--ink);padding:2.5rem 2rem;text-align:center}\n .intro-banner p{max-width:680px;margin:0 auto;color:var(--ink-soft);font-size:1.05rem;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-word}\n .day-nav{background:var(--ink);color:rgba(255,255,255,.7);text-align:center;padding:2.8rem 2rem;margin-top:4rem;font-size:.92rem;display:flex;justify-content:center;gap:4rem;flex-wrap:wrap}\n .day-nav div strong{color:#fff;font-size:.95rem;display:block;margin-bottom:.3rem}\n .day-nav div span{font-size:.82rem;color:rgba(255,255,255,.45)}\n .day-nav a{text-decoration:none;color:inherit}\n @keyframes fadeUp{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(16px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}\n .masthead-inner>*{animation:fadeUp .55s ease both}\n .masthead-inner>*:nth-child(1){animation-delay:.05s}\n .masthead-inner>*:nth-child(2){animation-delay:.15s}\n .masthead-inner>*:nth-child(3){animation-delay:.25s}\n .masthead-inner>*:nth-child(4){animation-delay:.35s}\n <\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<header class=\"masthead\">\n <div class=\"masthead-inner\">\n <div class=\"roadmap-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 - \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/div>\n <h1>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 <span>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/span> \u2014 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645<\/h1>\n <div class=\"masthead-sub\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u00b7 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/div>\n <div class=\"masthead-meta\">\n <span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649: \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u2014 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645<\/span>\n <span class=\"dot\"><\/span>\n <span>\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629: \u0662\u0668 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/span>\n <span class=\"dot\"><\/span>\n <span>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0661\u0662 \u0645\u0646 \u0669\u0660<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n<div class=\"intro-banner\">\n <p dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642: \u0646\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u2014 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<main class=\"page\">\n\n <div dir=\"rtl\" class=\"section\">\n <div class=\"section-tag\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/div>\n <h2 class=\"section-title\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643<\/h2>\n\n <p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u062a\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 — \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 — \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong> (<span class=\"ltr\">Heuristics<\/span>)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"def-card\">\n <div class=\"def-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a <span class=\"ltr\">(Cognitive Bias)<\/span> \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/div>\n <blockquote>\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649.\u00bb<\/blockquote>\n <span class=\"def-source\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f.\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0621<\/em>\u060c 2011\u060c \u0635. 20.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"def-card\">\n <div class=\"def-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0632 <span class=\"ltr\">(Nudge)<\/span> \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/div>\n <blockquote>\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a. \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0635\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d \u0643\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647.\u00bb<\/blockquote>\n <span class=\"def-source\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631\u060c \u0631. \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643.\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0632\u0629<\/em>\u060c 2008\u060c \u0635. 6.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div dir=\"rtl\" class=\"section\">\n <div class=\"section-tag\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a<\/div>\n <h2 class=\"section-title\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n <p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1974. \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u2014 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"pull-quote\">\n \u00ab\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0647 \u2014 \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629.\u00bb\n <cite>\u2014 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f 2002<\/cite>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"bias-grid\">\n <div class=\"bias-card\">\n <div class=\"bias-name\">\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0629<\/div>\n <div class=\"bias-en\">Anchoring Effect<\/div>\n <p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u2014 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n <p class=\"bias-example\">\u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a 500 \u0631.\u0633. \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646: 299 \u0631.\u0633.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bias-card\">\n <div class=\"bias-name\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/div>\n <div class=\"bias-en\">Loss Aversion<\/div>\n <p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 100 \u0631.\u0633. \u064a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0633\u0628 100 \u0631.\u0633. \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u064e\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/p>\n <p class=\"bias-example\">\u2190 \u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u00bb \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u00bb<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bias-card\">\n <div class=\"bias-name\">\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629<\/div>\n <div class=\"bias-en\">Scarcity Bias<\/div>\n <p>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u064e\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629\u064b. \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c.<\/p>\n <p class=\"bias-example\">\u2190 \u00ab\u0628\u0642\u064a 3 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646\u00bb \/ \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 2 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\u00bb<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bias-card\">\n <div class=\"bias-name\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0651\u0639\u0645<\/div>\n <div class=\"bias-en\">Decoy Effect<\/div>\n <p>\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629\u064b \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0635\u0641\u0642\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b. \u064a\u064f\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n <p class=\"bias-example\">\u2190 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 15 \u0631.\u0633. \/ \u0648\u0633\u0637 25 \u0631.\u0633. \/ \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 27 \u0631.\u0633. \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0637\u064f\u0639\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bias-card\">\n <div class=\"bias-name\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/div>\n <div class=\"bias-en\">Social Proof<\/div>\n <p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n <p class=\"bias-example\">\u2190 \u00ab\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 50,000 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u00bb \/ \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b\u00bb \/ 4.8 \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 3200 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bias-card\">\n <div class=\"bias-name\">\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631<\/div>\n <div class=\"bias-en\">Present Bias<\/div>\n <p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062c\u064e\u0651\u0644\u0629. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u00bb \u064a\u064f\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n <p class=\"bias-example\">\u2190 \u00ab\u062c\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u00bb \/ \u00ab\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b\u00bb \/ \u00ab\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u063a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u00bb<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bias-card\">\n <div class=\"bias-name\">\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643<\/div>\n <div class=\"bias-en\">Endowment Effect<\/div>\n <p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c.<\/p>\n <p class=\"bias-example\">\u2190 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \/ \u00ab\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bias-card\">\n <div class=\"bias-name\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631<\/div>\n <div class=\"bias-en\">Framing Effect<\/div>\n <p>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u00ab\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d 90\u066a\u00bb \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0641\u0634\u0644 10\u066a\u00bb \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n <p class=\"bias-example\">\u2190 \u00ab\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 500 \u0631.\u0633.\u00bb \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u062e\u0635\u0645 10\u066a\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a (1974):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n <table class=\"heur-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/th>\n <th>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n <th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a<\/th>\n <th>\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631<\/td>\n <td>\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u064e\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n <td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631<\/td>\n <td>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f \u00ab\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u00bb<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n <td>\u0646\u064f\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0641\u0626\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n <td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u00bb \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0646\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631<\/td>\n <td>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u2014 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n <td>\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0629) \u0648\u0646\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d<\/td>\n <td>\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n <td>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <p><strong>\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 (<span class=\"ltr\">Choice Architecture<\/span>):<\/strong> \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0647 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0632\u0629\u00bb (2008) \u2014 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u00ab\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u00bb \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a \u2014 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"nudge-box\">\n <div class=\"nudge-title\">\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642<\/div>\n <div class=\"nudge-grid\">\n <div class=\"nudge-item\">\n <div class=\"nudge-item-title\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/div>\n <p>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u062f\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u2014 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"nudge-item\">\n <div class=\"nudge-item-title\">\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621<\/div>\n <p>\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b (\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0651\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00bb) \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"nudge-item\">\n <div class=\"nudge-item-title\">\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/div>\n <p>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u2014 \u00ab\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0644\u0644\u00bb \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"nudge-item\">\n <div class=\"nudge-item-title\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n <p>\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u00ab\u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div dir=\"rtl\" class=\"section\">\n <div class=\"section-tag\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a<\/div>\n <h2 class=\"section-title\">\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n <p>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0638\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u2014 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0643.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"exercise-box\">\n <div class=\"ex-header\">\n <div class=\"ex-icon\">\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><polyline points=\"9 11 12 14 22 4\"\/><path d=\"M21 12v7a2 2 0 01-2 2H5a2 2 0 01-2-2V5a2 2 0 012-2h11\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-title\">\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0661\u0662.\u0661 \u2014 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0632 (\u0666\u0660 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <ol>\n <li><strong>\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a:<\/strong> \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647. \u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u2014 \u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0650\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632. \u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u061f<\/li>\n <li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631:<\/strong> \u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u2014 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u061f<\/li>\n <li><strong>\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u062e\u0632\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641: \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064f\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0647\u061f<\/li>\n <li><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631:<\/strong> \u062e\u0630 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\/\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a). \u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u061f<\/li>\n <li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a:<\/strong> \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a (\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647) \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 (\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0636\u0631\u0651\u0647). \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0643\u061f<\/li>\n <\/ol>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div dir=\"rtl\" class=\"section\">\n <div class=\"section-tag\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/div>\n <h2 class=\"section-title\">\u0628\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062c.\u0643\u0648\u0645: \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"case-study\">\n <div class=\"cs-brand\">Booking.com \u2014 \u0628\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062c<\/div>\n <div class=\"cs-sub\">\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0661\u0669\u0669\u0666 \u00b7 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u00b7 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0662\u0668 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u00b7 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0661\u0660\u0660 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/div>\n\n <p>\u0628\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062c.\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a. \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629:<\/strong> \u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631!\u00bb \u2014 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u062f. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a:<\/strong> \u00ab16 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u00bb \u2014 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629. <strong>\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0629:<\/strong> \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0637\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u064e\u0651\u0636 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629:<\/strong> \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631!\u00bb \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n <p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u061f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645: \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644\u061f<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"cs-lesson\">\n <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u064a. \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u064a\u064f\u0636\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0643.\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div dir=\"rtl\" class=\"section\">\n <div class=\"section-tag\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/div>\n <h2 class=\"section-title\">\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"summary-box\">\n <ul>\n <li>\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a) \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a).<\/li>\n <li>\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0651\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n <li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n <li>\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631: \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/li>\n <li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u2014 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642.<\/li>\n <li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0637 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n <li>\u0628\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u2014 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div dir=\"rtl\" class=\"section\">\n <div class=\"section-tag\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/div>\n <h2 class=\"section-title\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n <ul class=\"ref-list\">\n <li><div class=\"ref-num\">1<\/div><div class=\"ref-body\">\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f. (2011). <em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0621<\/em>. \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648. \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/div><\/li>\n <li><div class=\"ref-num\">2<\/div><div class=\"ref-body\">\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631\u060c \u0631. \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643. (2008). <em>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0632\u0629: \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/em>. \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u064a\u0644. \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/div><\/li>\n <li><div class=\"ref-num\">3<\/div><div class=\"ref-body\">\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0623. (1974). \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a. <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 Science<\/em>\u060c <span class=\"ltr\">185(4157)<\/span>\u060c 1124\u20131131. \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a.<\/div><\/li>\n <li><div class=\"ref-num\">4<\/div><div class=\"ref-body\">\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062f. (2008). <em>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624<\/em>. \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0632. \u2014 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a.<\/div><\/li>\n <li><div class=\"ref-num\">5<\/div><div class=\"ref-body\">\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644. \u0648\u0648\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0644. (2015). <em>\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639. \u2014 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/div><\/li>\n <li><div class=\"ref-num\">6<\/div><div class=\"ref-body\">\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631\u060c \u0631. (2015). <em>\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626: \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a<\/em>. \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646. \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/div><\/li>\n <li><div class=\"ref-num\">7<\/div><div class=\"ref-body\">\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0633 \u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0648 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642: <a href=\"https:\/\/hbr.org\/topic\/subject\/behavioral-economics\" target=\"_blank\">hbr.org\/topic\/subject\/behavioral-economics<\/a><\/div><\/li>\n <li><div class=\"ref-num\">8<\/div><div class=\"ref-body\">\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0644\u0631\u060c \u0641. \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062c\u060c \u063a. (2018). <em>\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0635. 146\u2013181. \u2014 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a.<\/div><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/main>\n\n<div class=\"day-nav\">\n <div>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/m-wagih.com\/blog\/marketing-roadmap-11\/\"><strong>\u2192 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/strong><\/a>\n <span>\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642: \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/m-wagih.com\/blog\/marketing-roadmap-13\/\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u2190<\/strong><\/a>\n <span>\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643<\/span>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u2014 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 | \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 – \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u2014 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"iawp_total_views":3,"footnotes":""},"categories":[60],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8427","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-marketing-roadmap"],"acf":{"choi\u0441e_menu_page":false,"full_width":false,"header_transparent":false,"header_white":false,"menu_align_page":"default","menu_style":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/m-wagih.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8427","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/m-wagih.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/m-wagih.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/m-wagih.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/m-wagih.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8427"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/m-wagih.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8427\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8431,"href":"https:\/\/m-wagih.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8427\/revisions\/8431"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/m-wagih.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8427"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/m-wagih.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8427"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/m-wagih.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8427"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}